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E. H. Carr
Edward Hallett "Ted" Carr CBE (28 June 1892 – 3 November 1982) was an English historian, diplomat, journalist and international relations theorist, and an opponent of empiricism within historiography.
Carr was best known for his 14-volume history of the Soviet Union, in which he provided an account of Soviet history from 1917-29, for his writings on international relations, particularly ''The Twenty Years' Crisis'', and for his book ''What Is History?'', in which he laid out historiographical principles rejecting traditional historical methods and practices.
Educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, Carr began his career as a diplomat in 1916; three years later, he participated at the Paris Peace Conference as a member of the British delegation. Becoming increasingly preoccupied with the study of international relations and of the Soviet Union, he resigned from the Foreign Office in 1936 to begin an academic career. From 1941 to 1946, Carr worked as an assistant editor at ''The Times'', where he was noted for his leaders (editorials) urging a socialist system and an Anglo-Soviet alliance as the basis of a post-war order. Afterwards, Carr worked on a massive 14-volume work on Soviet history entitled ''A History of Soviet Russia'', a project that he was still engaged on at the time of his death in 1982. In 1961, he delivered the G. M. Trevelyan lectures at the University of Cambridge that became the basis of his book, ''What Is History?'' Moving increasingly towards the left throughout his career, Carr saw his role as the theorist who would work out the basis of a new international order.
==Early life==
Carr was born in London to a middle-class family, and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School in London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a First Class Degree in Classics in 1916.〔Hughes-Warrington, p. 24〕〔 Carr's family had originated in northern England, and the first mention of his ancestors was a George Carr who served as the Sheriff of Newcastle in 1450.〔 Carr's parents were Francis Parker and Jesse (née Hallet) Carr.〔Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 475〕 They were initially Conservatives, but went over to supporting the Liberals in 1903 over the free trade issue.〔 When Joseph Chamberlain proclaimed his opposition to free trade and announced in favour of Imperial Preference, Carr's father, for whom all tariffs were abhorrent, changed his political loyalties.〔 Carr described the atmosphere at the Merchant Taylors School as: "...95% of my school fellows came from orthodox Conservative homes, and regarded Lloyd George as an incarnation of the devil. We Liberals were a tiny despised minority."〔Davies, "Edward Hallett Carr", p. 476〕 From his parents, Carr inherited a strong belief in progress as an unstoppable force in world affairs, and throughout his life a recurring theme in Carr's thinking was that the world was getting progressively a better place.〔Haslam, "We Need a Faith", p. 36〕 With his belief in progress was a tendency on Carr's part to decry pessimism as mere whining from those who could not appreciate the benefits of progress.〔 In 1911, Carr won the Craven Scholarship to attend Trinity College at Cambridge.〔 As an undergraduate at Cambridge, Carr was much impressed by hearing one of his professors lecture on how the Peloponnesian War influenced Herodotus in the writing of the ''Histories''.〔Haslam, "We Need a Faith", p. 39〕 Carr found this to be a great discovery—the subjectivity of the historian's craft.〔 This discovery was later to influence his 1961 book ''What Is History?''.〔
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